Naomi Wolf is an influential feminist and is considered a founder of third-wave feminism. Wolf was born in San Francisco and attended Yale University, earning a bachelor of arts degree in English literature (1984); she then spent a term as a Rhodes scholar at Oxford (1985 to 1987). She garnered international acclaim in 1991 with
The fashion industry’s association with a world of glamour and haute couture has been contrasted with the issues of sweatshop labor, including child labor, unregulated factories, below subsistence-level wages, and forced labor. This dichotomous view of work and production in the beauty industry becomes even more complex when not only manufacturing, but also beauty sales
The Latina beauty industry includes hair care, cosmetics, and fragrance products and services. The industry includes mainstream brands and Latina-owned companies that target U.S.-born and immigrant Latinas as consumers. The American beauty industry may target marketing toward U.S. Latinas in English or Spanish. U.S.-born and immigrant Latinas are also business owners and employees of the
Until very recently, Asian American women have been virtually ignored by the U.S. beauty industry. Although a few Asian American beauty icons were recognized in the cinema of the 1920s and ’30s, even those who managed to find some success in the United States tended to be pigeon-holed into certain stereotypes. Anna May Wong, the
The African American beauty industry comprises cosmetic and hair product companies, beauty salons, and professional organizations engaged in the business of selling commercial beauty products and services to black women. A specialized African American beauty industry emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to segregation and because entrepreneurs, black and white, sought
The term “tourism industry” covers a wide range of services, activities, and commodities, bound together in a complex network of relationships that involves the temporary migration of people for leisure purposes. There has always been an element of the global within tourism. Since the first worldwide figures were gathered in the early 1950s, tourism has
The music industry is a term most commonly deployed in reference to the activities of the four largest transnational record corporations – often designated as the “majors” or the “big four,” namely SonyBMG, EMI (Electric and Music Industries), the Warner Music Group (WMG), and the Universal Music Group (UMG) – which collectively account for approximately
Culture industry is a term which performs both a descriptive and conceptual function. It also has a history. Since the term was coined by Horkheimer and Adorno in their 1947 essay ‘‘The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception,’’ both what the term designates and its theoretical implications have undergone a number of shifts. In its
Sport became an industry at the point at which events (matches, races, bouts) ceased to be oriented solely toward participants and became largely organized so that they could be consumed by spectators. In perhaps the earliest sociological analysis of this process, Gregory P. Stone (1955) argued that consequently ‘‘play’’ (unscripted, spontaneous) became overshadowed by ‘‘display’’
Pharmaceutical industry workers are involved in many aspects of the development, manufacture, and distribution of pharmaceutical products. Pharmaceutical operators work with machines that perform such functions as filling capsules and inspecting the quality and weight of tablets. Pharmaceutical supervisors and managers oversee research and development, production, and sales and promotion workers. Pharmaceutical sales representatives sell