Instrumental

Health economists frequently face the challenge of estimating causal relationships in the absence of controlled experiments. For example, a long-standing issue in economics and in other disciplines is unraveling the observed relationship between education and health. Countless studies have documented a positive correlation between these outcomes, but fewer have successfully addressed the causal impact of

Most empirical research in health economics is conducted with the goal of providing causal evidence of the effect of a particular variable (the causal variable – X) on an outcome of interest (Y). Such analyses are typically conducted in the context of explaining past behavior, testing an economic theory, or to evaluating a past or