Tend-and-Befriend Response Definition In times of stress, humans and many animal species tend and befriend. Tending involves quieting and caring for offspring during stressful times, and befriending involves engaging the social network for help in responding to stress. Tend-and-Befriend Response Background Threatening circumstances trigger a cascade of neuroendocrine responses to stress, including engagement of the
Despite inconsistencies and ambiguities associated with the concepts of stress and coping, the popular press regularly discusses the ill effects of stress on physical and psychological well-being and a variety of behavioral antidotes, including aroma therapy, biofeedback, and meditation. Although the possible adverse effects of stress have been noted for thousands of years, the scientific
An important issue for the police and courts is the extent to which an eyewitness’s decision about a lineup can be trusted as accurate. Consequently, psychologists have searched for variables associated with the witness’s decision that help distinguish correct from incorrect decisions. One such variable is response latency (or response speed). Response latency is measured
Research and application in sport and exercise psychology (SEP) has relied heavily on psychophysiological applications. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), skin conductance (SC), and measurement of brain activity through sophisticated techniques such as positron-emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magneticresonance imaging (fMRI) are only a few of the many psychophysiological
According to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics, there were more than 4,000 two- and four-year public and private institutions of higher education in the United States in 2006. More than 15 million students attend these institutions, and they employ several million faculty and staff members. These organizations are charged with
All animals must act in their environment in order to survive. They must also react to changes in the environment, for example, when threats or beneficial opportunities arise. Responses are defined as any reaction of the organism to external or internal events. Responses can pertain to one or more levels of body function ranging from
During the last third of the 20th century, dramatic changes in regard to the treatment of people with mental illnesses occurred. In particular, the development of antipsychotic medications meant that many people, particularly with psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, who had formerly been untreatable, were now able to receive medical treatment that
In many social empirical studies subjects are provoked by situational conditions to exhibit reactive behavior patterns. From these reactions (e.g., marking point 5 on a seven-point rating scale), the kind and the strength of the subjects’ behavioral dispositions (e.g., beliefs, personality traits or states, emotional feelings) may be inferred. For reliable and valid conclusions to
Wife battering emerged along with child abuse as a social issue during the 1960s. The dominant view at the time held that marital violence was a private matter between the husband and his wife. Law enforcement intervention was rare, occurring in cases where the victim had been killed or severely maimed. The common forms of
Perceptions of Domestic Violence Most people generally define domestic violence as a social problem between men and women. Specifically, it is believed that domestic violence involves men physically, sexually, or emotionally assaulting women with the specific intent of causing them harm. Therefore, domestic violence is frequently considered a problem that occurs only between men and